Why Back Pain is Difficult to Treat

Same Pain, Different Problems

Herniated disk. Helen had a herniated disk. The disk caused inflammation and nerve irritation, which resulted in fiery pain down her leg. Standard treatments for a herniated disk include physical therapy, medications, steroid injections, and time for healing. 

Nerve sensitization. Nancy’s pain stemmed from nerve sensitization or nociplastic pain. Nociplastic pain arises from abnormal pain processing in the brain and nerves. Nerves become more sensitive and reactive to stimuli, exaggerating pain signals to the brain. 

Nancy’s back and leg pain had slowly worsened over the past year. She developed pain hypersensitivity where simple, everyday movements—like getting up from the couch and walking to the kitchen—had become increasingly uncomfortable. Her symptoms also spread. Instead of pain in a small area of her back, she felt it across her back, down her thighs, and enveloping her leg. 

You Can Have Both Sources of Pain at the Same Time

A mixed pain state is when you have injury pain and sensitization pain simultaneously. For example, you have back pain arising from a herniated disk and sensitization. Sensitization amplifies the pain signal that is already present. The two pain sources overlap into one set of symptoms, making it difficult to discern where the discomfort arises from. 

For back pain, three different pain scenarios are possible:

1. Back pain from an injury with no sensitization, meaning the nerves have not become sensitized; this situation will respond well to standard treatments. This was the case with Helen.
2. Back pain from an injury and sensitization; in this case, there will be a partial response to standard treatments. This is a “mixed pain state.”
3. Back pain with predominant sensitization, where most symptoms stem from sensitization; there will be minimal response to standard treatments. This was the case with Nancy.

For example, Helen, with a herniated disc, responded well to treatment with physical therapy and a steroid injection. On the other hand, Nancy did not respond to those interventions. The correct target for her treatment is the nervous system. You don’t put a cast on a paralyzed arm from a stroke because the cause of the injury isn’t in the arm; it’s in the brain. The problem is deeper in the nervous system. The same is true when treating sensitization.